論文發表人：韓鈴（加州大學聖地牙哥分校社會學研究所博士班）
http://www.csw.ucla.edu/thinkinggender.html
改革開放以來，中國出版不少關於中國婦女研究和性別的書籍，這些書籍的內容關注的婦女議題包羅萬象，如婦女學學科建設推動的論文集、西方女性主義經典的翻譯文集、婦女口述歷史、改革開放後的婦女地位調查等。這些文獻探討範圍廣泛，在女性主義概念的使用上，不同作者在不同的情境脈絡中使用「性別」和「社會性別」這些蓋碾闡述性別，這些論述和詮釋出現在不同時期，代表著不同的意涵，其中也隱含運動者對西方gender這個概念的詮釋和運用。中國政府在一九九五年世婦會上確定了男女平等的基本國策，雖然沒有直接提及性別，但國際接軌的道路上對「性別」的認同是必要條件，而「性別」(gender)在中國仍舊是一個浮動的概念，運動者在不同的情境脈絡中可以隨時挪用或混用。中國婦女運動者的生命經驗影響其性別意識認同，對「性別」有不同的詮釋和認識，但她們都學習到如何使用「性別」的話語，這是尋求國際資源的必要條件。中國新興婦女組織發展的狀況非常多元，性別論述上雖然有些歧異也有合作融合的過程，自我詮釋空間廣大，而這個空間是新興中國婦女組織運動者創造出來的論述空間。
Chinese feminism has undergone a complex and intriguing development. Chinese women were first acculturated with Marxist women's liberation ideology during the Mao era, and during the 1995 United Nations Fourth Conference on Women in Beijing, Chinese female activists were open to new possibilities of gender consciousness. The shift in Chinese gender ideologies denotes a change in the emphasis on gender sameness to difference. Given this background, this paper examines the gender consciousness adopted by the Chinese female activists in Beijing and argues that "gender"(xinbei) is still a floating concept in China. The cultural frame of gender consciousness adopted by the female activists depends on their social and cultural location, and the activists personal repertoires of gender consciousness serve as a tool kit to draw from during times of organizing. The patchworks of gender consciousness allow activists to maneuver with the authoritarian government and also work with international funding agencies. The paper first explores the different usages adopted by female activists to convey the idea of "gender" and is analyzed according to activists' social and cultural upbringings. "Gender" is an umbrella concept in China, which is sometimes equated with "women/female," sometimes alluding to socialist ideals of female emancipation, or connoting the social construction aspect of "gender" in a Western context. The paper then discusses the prevailing gender repertoires that existed in China and how the concept of "gender"(xinbei) and "social gender"(shehui xinbei) is conceptualized and allowed spaces for practical action.
